Toxicidad pulmonar secundaria a bleomicina. Reporte de un caso / Pulmonary Toxicity Secondary to Bleomycin. A Case Report

La toxicidad pulmonar por antineoplásicos es muy variable dependiente del grupo far-macológico; la bleomicina es uno de los medicamentos en los que se ha reportado este evento. Este citostático puede lesionar el endotelio pulmonar y el epitelio alveolar para llevar a un proceso inflamatorio y fibrótico del intersticio con repercusiones potencial-mente fatales.A continuación, se presenta un caso de enfermedad intersticial tipo neumonía organi-zada asociada a bleomicina en un paciente de 68 años con diagnóstico linfoma Hodg-kin clásico de tipo esclerosis nodular, con estudio imagenológico normal previo al tratamiento

Antineoplastic pulmonary toxicity is highly variable depending on the pharmacological group; bleomycin is one of the drugs in which this event has been reported. This cyto-static can injure the pulmonary endothelium and the alveolar epithelium to lead to an in-flammatory and fibrotic process of the interstitium with potentially fatal repercussions. The following is a case of interstitial disease type organizing pneumonia associated with bleomycin in a 68-year-old patient diagnosed with classical Hodgkin lymphoma of nodular sclerosis type, with imaging study prior to normal treatment

Virus de Epstein-Barr: más que una mononucleosis infecciosa / Epstein-Barr virus: more than infectious mononucleosis

El virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB) fue el primer virus asociado a neoplasias en humanos. Infecta el 95 % de la población mundial, y aunque usualmente es asintomático, puede causar mononucleosis infecciosa y se relaciona con más de 200.000 casos de neoplasias al año. De igual forma, se asocia con esclerosis múltiple y otras enfermedades autoinmunes. A pesar de ser catalogado como un virus oncogénico, solo un pequeño porcentaje de los individuos infectados desarrollan neoplasias asociadas a VEB. Su persistencia involucra la capacidad de alternar entre una serie de programas de latencia, y de reactivarse cuando tiene la necesidad de colonizar nuevas células B de memoria, con el fin de sostener una infección de por vida y poder transmitirse a nuevos hospederos. En esta revisión se presentan las generalidades del VEB, además de su asociación con varios tipos de neoplasias, como son el carcinoma nasofaríngeo, el carcinoma gástrico, el linfoma de Hodgkin y el linfoma de Burkitt, y la esclerosis múltiple. Adicionalmente, se describen los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de las diferentes entidades, algunos de ellos no completamente dilucidados

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first virus associated with human cancer. It infects 95% of the world's population, and although it is usually asymptomatic, it causes infectious mononucleosis. It is related to more than 200,000 cases of cancer per year, and is also associated with multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. Despite being classified as an oncogenic virus, only a small percentage of infected individuals develop EBV-associated cancer. Its persistence involves the ability to alternate between a series of latency programs, and the ability to reactivate itself when it needs to colonize new memory B cells, in order to sustain a lifelong infection and be able to transmit to new hosts. In this review, the general characteristics of EBV are presented, in addition to its association with various types of cancers, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma, and multiple sclerosis. Additionally, the pathophysiological mechanisms of the different entities are described, some of them not completely elucidated yet

Linfoma de Hodgkin clásico: diferentes caras, una misma entidad / Classic Hodgkin lymphoma: different faces, same entity

El linfoma de Hodgkin clásico es una neoplasia linfoide maligna derivada de las células B del centro germinal, que corresponde aproximadamente al 85 % de los casos de linfoma de Hodgkin. Esta entidad afecta principalmente a pacientes jóvenes, y cuenta con un excelente pronóstico gracias a los avances en los métodos diagnósticos para su estadificación y tratamiento. Su enfoque diagnóstico correcto y completo requiere de una historia clínica exhaustiva y una biopsia de ganglio linfático adecuada para el análisis e identificación de los hallazgos histopatológicos e inmunohistoquímicos característicos, ya que a diferencia de otros linfomas donde las células neoplásicas son una población importante o dominante, las células de Hodgkin y Reed-Sternberg generalmente representan menos del 10 % de la lesión tumoral. Aunque todavía falta mucho por entender sobre la naturaleza biológica de este linfoma y sus diferentes subtipos, en los últimos años se ha avanzado considerablemente en la comprensión de su linfomagénesis, especialmente cuando está relacionada con la infección por el virus de Epstein-Barr. Su alta heterogeneidad y posible superposición morfológica, obligan a continuar su estudio para poder identificarlo, al igual que a sus posibles diagnósticos diferenciales en aquellos casos donde se presente con una variante o patrón infrecuente. Este artículo pretende ofrecer una descripción integral resumida y actualizada sobre la fisiopatología, la clínica, el diagnóstico histopatológico con énfasis en aquellos patrones raros que podrían llegar a ser factores distractores y de confusión, y el pronóstico del linfoma de Hodgkin clásico, buscando lograr una mejor comprensión de la enfermedad

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma is a malignant lymphoid neoplasm derived from B cells in the germinal center, and accounts for approximately 85% of all Hodgkin lymphoma cases. This disease mainly affects young patients and has an excellent prognosis due to advances in diagnostic methods for staging and treatment. A correct and complete diagnostic approach requires a thorough clinical history and an adequate lymph node biopsy for the analysis and identification of characteristic histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. Unlike other lymphomas where neoplastic cells are an important or dominant population, Reed-Sternberg/ Hodgkin cells generally represent less than 10% of the tumor lesion. Although much remains to be understood about the biological nature of this lymphoma and its different subtypes, considerable progress has been made in understanding its lymphomagenesis in recent years, especially when it is related to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Its high heterogeneity and possible morphological overlap require ongoing study to identify it and its possible differential diagnoses in cases where it presents with a rare variant or pattern. This article aims to provide a comprehensive updated summary on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, histopathological diagnosis, with emphasis on rare patterns that could become distracting and confusing factors, and prognosis of classic Hodgkin lymphoma, seeking to achieve a better understanding of the disease

Aspectos clínicos do câncer durante o período gestacional: desafios diagnósticos e terapêuticos / Clinical aspects of cancer during the gestational period: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges

O câncer é uma das maiores causas de morte em mulheres na idade reprodutiva e ocorre em aproximadamente 0,05% a 0,1% das gestações. Os cânceres ginecológicos, de mama, tireoide e hematológicos são os mais comuns na gravidez. O obstetra é o principal médico para investigar sintomas que podem estar relacionados à malignidade. O diagnóstico pode ser dificultado devido à sobreposição de sintomas da gravidez, como náusea, vômitos, aumento do útero e das mamas, dor abdominal, além da limitação para uso de exames de imagem e alterações comuns em exames laboratoriais. O risco e o benefício do diagnóstico e o tratamento para o bem-estar materno e fetal devem ser avaliados com cuidado pelos profissionais envolvidos. Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão sobre quando suspeitar e como investigar os principais cânceres na gestação.(AU)

Cancer is the major cause of death in women on reproductive age and occurs in approximately 0.05% to 0.1% of pregnancies. Gynecological, breast, thyroid and hema- tological cancers are the most common in pregnancy. The obstetrician is the primary physician to investigate symptoms that may be related to malignancy. The diagnosis can be difficult due to the overlap of pregnancy symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, enlargement of the uterus and breasts, abdominal pain, in addition to the limitation for the use of imaging tests and common changes in laboratory tests. The risk and be- nefit of diagnosis and treatment for maternal and fetal well-being should be carefully assessed by the professionals involved. This article aims to conduct a review on when to suspect and how to investigate the main cancers in pregnancy.(AU)

Overall survival in Chilean patients with lymphoma and human immunodeficiency virus: A retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Introduction: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) still face high morbidity and mortality resulting from lymphoma. Aim: To describe a population of PLWH and lymphoma in a Chilean public hospital and compare the overall survival (OS) with a previously reported cohort from the same institution. Methods: Retrospective single-center cohort study. All the patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 were included. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained from medical records. The overall survival (OS) was estimated in treated patients from diagnosis until death or October 2020. The OS was then compared with a cohort of patients diagnosed between 1992 and 2008. Main Results: Eighty-four patients were included. The most common histological types were Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) at 31%, 27%, 21% and 14%, respectively. The three-year OS for the whole cohort of BL, DLBCL, HL and PBL was 58.9%, 65.2%, 47.4%, 76.4% and 50%, respectively. Compared to the cohort of 1992 to 2008, a global increase in the OS was found after excluding HL and adjusting for age and clinical stage (HR 0.38, p = 0.002). However, when the main types were analyzed individually, the increase in the OS was statistically significant only in DLBCL (HR 0.29, p = 0.007). Most patients with DLBCL received CHOP chemotherapy, as in the previous cohort. Conclusion: The OS has improved in this population, despite no major changes in chemotherapy regimens, mainly due to the universal access to antiretroviral therapy.

Caracterización y supervivencia de pacientes con linfoma de Hodgkin. Un reporte de 7años de un centro único / Characterization and survival of patients with Hodg-kin lymphoma. A 7-Year single-center study

Introducción: El Linfoma de Hodgkin (LH), es una neoplasia hematológica poco frecuente, donde las células neoplásicas forman una minoría del tumor y están rodeados por un medio inflamatorio reactivo que incluye linfocitos, eosinófilos, neutrófilos, histiocitos y células plasmáticas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir una población con esta patología y su supervivencia en 7 años de seguimiento. Metodología Este estudio longitudinal, se realizó en el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, de Quito, Ecuador, del período 2013-2019, con una muestra no probabilística, de pacientes con LH. Se registraron variables demográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio, clasificación Ann Arbor, clasificación histológica, tratamiento y respuesta, mortalidad y tiempo de supervivencia. Se utiliza estadística descriptiva; bivariado y un análisis de supervivencia. Resultados: Se analizan 73 casos, 43 hombres (58.9 %). El grupo de 61 a 70 años fue el más prevalente con 19 casos (26%). 1 caso (4.1 %) con VIH, 7 casos (9.6%) con inmunosupresores. Síntomas B en 49 casos (67.1%). Adenomegalias en 15 casos (20.5 %). Masa Bulky 5 casos (6.8 %). Fallecieron 22 casos (30.1 %). Supervivencia de 52.8 meses, el 83.6% de recibieron Adriamicina, Bleomicina, Vincristina y Dacarbazina como 1ra línea de tratamiento, con remisión completa en el 61.7%. El estadio IV de Ann Arbor con Hazard Ratio (HR): 3.47,(IC95%: 1.20 ­6.11, P= 0.04), depleción linfocitaria HR: 4.98 (IC95%: 1.31 ­9.47, P= 0.04).Hemoglobina < 10.5 g/dL HR: 2.40,(IC95%: 1.47­5.94, P= 0.03), Albúmina < 4 g/dL HR: 4.02, IC95%: 1.94­7.26, P= 0.01) y linfocitos < 600 células/µL HR: 4.57, (IC95%: 1.85 ­11.28, P= 0.001)Conclusión: La prevalencia de LH fue ligeramente mayor en hombres, con una relación de 1.1: 1. LA incidencia fue bimodal, entre 31-40 años y entre 61-70 años, con síntomas B y adenomegalias. Los estadios II y III (Ann Arbor) fueron los más frecuentes. La Hemoglobina y albúmina fue menor en los fallecidos. El tratamiento de primera línea tuvo remisión completa en el 61.7% de los casos. La ausencia de síntomas B, se relacionó con una mayor supervivencia; los estadios avanzados se relacionaron con peor supervivencia; la supervivencia fue mayor en pacientes que obtuvieron remisión completa con la primera línea de tratamiento; la supervivencia general fue menor a la encontrada en países desarrollados

In troduction: Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) is a rare hematological neoplasm where neoplastic cells form a minority of the tumor and are surrounded by a reactive inflammatory medium that includes lympho-cytes eosinophils, neutrophils, histiocytes, and plasma cells. The objective of the present study was to describe a population with this pathology and its survival in 7 years of follow-up.Met hodology: This longitudinal study was carried out at the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital, in Quito, Ec-uador, from 2013-2019, with a non-probabilistic sample of patients with HL. Demographic, clinical, labor-atory variables, Ann Arbor classification, histological classification, treatment and response, mortality, and survival time were recorded. Descriptive statistics are used; bivariate and survival analysis.R esults: 73 cases were analyzed, 43 men (58.9%). The group of 61 to 70 years was the most prevalent, with 19 cases (26%). 1 case (4.1%) with AIDS and 7 cases (9.6%) with immunosuppressants. B symp-toms in 49 cases (67.1%). Enlarged lymph nodes in 15 cases (20.5%). Bulky mass 5 cases (6.8%). 22 cases died (30.1%). Survival of 52.8 months, 83.6% received Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vincristine, and Dacarbazine as1st line of treatment, with complete remission in 61.7%. Ann Arbor stage IV with Hazard Ratio (HR): 3.47, (95% CI: 1.20 ­6.11, P= 0.04), lymphocyte depletion HR: 4.98 (95% CI: 1.31 ­9.47, P= 0.04). Hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dL HR: 2.40, (95% CI: 1.47 ­5.94, P= 0.03), Albumin < 4 g/dL HR: 4.02, 95% CI: 1.94 ­7.26, P= 0.01) and lymphocytes < 600 cells/ µL HR: 4.57, (95% CI: 1.85 ­11.28, P= 0.001).C o nclusion: The prevalence of HL was slightly higher in men, with a ratio of 1.1: 1. The incidence was bimodal, between 31-40 years and between 61-70 years, with B symptoms and enlarged lymph nodes. Stages II and III (Ann Arbor) were the most frequent. Hemoglobin and albumin were lower in the de-ceased. First-line treatment had complete remission in 61.7% of cases. The absence of B symptoms was related to more remarkable survival; advanced stages were related to worse survival; survival was higher in patients who achieved complete remission with the first line of treatment; overall survival was lower than that found indeveloped countries

Reactivación de brucelosis en paciente receptor de trasplante hematopoyético autólogo: reporte de caso / Reactivation of brucellosis in an autologous hematopoietic transplant recipient: a case report

Introducción: La brucelosis es la zoonosis más frecuente, producida por el género brucella, que afecta a varias especies de mamíferos y dentro de ellos a los humanos. Se transmite al hombre por contacto directo con los animales infectados, por sus excretas o por la ingestión de productos no pasteurizados. En los últimos años se ha descrito un incremento de la enfermedad en los pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Objetivo: Describir la reactivación de la brucelosis en paciente receptor de un trasplante hematopoyético, su curso y manejo. Presentación de caso: Se presenta una paciente con linfoma de Hodgkin y antecedentes de brucelosis que recibió un trasplante hematopoyético autólogo mieloablativo. Después de la recuperación hematológica, inició con cuadro de fiebre, diaforesis, dolores articulares y hepato-esplenomegalia. Se le diagnosticó brucelosis, por lo que se inició tratamiento con doxiciclina y rifampicina, con lo que se logró la eliminación de los síntomas y la negativización de las pruebas evolutivas. Conclusiones: La brucelosis puede mantenerse meses o años asintomática y reactivarse después de la inmunosupresión en los pacientes trasplantados. Su sospecha y rápido tratamiento puede lograr la curación y evitar complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: Brucellosis is the most frequent zoonosis, produced by the genus brucella, which affects several species of mammals, including human beings. It is transmitted to persons by direct contact with infected animals, by their excreta or by ingestion of unpasteurized products. In recent years, an increase has been described in immunocompromised patients. Objectives: To describe the reactivation of brucellosis in a hematopoietic transplant recipient patient, its course and management. Case presentation: A patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma and a history of brucellosis is presented; that she received a myeloablative autologous hematopoietic transplant. After haematological recovery, she started with symptoms of fever, diaphoresis, joint pain and hepato-splenomegaly. She was diagnosed with brucellosis, so treatment with doxycycline and rifampin was started, which eliminated the symptoms and made the evolutionary tests negative. Conclusions: Brucellosis can be asymptomatic for months or years and after immunosuppression it can be reactivated in transplanted patients. Suspicion and prompt treatment can bring about a cure and avoid complications(AU)

Overview of lymphoma diagnosis in Brazilian public health system patients: Open data analysis for health care planning

Abstract Introduction Knowing the information regarding the panorama of lymphoma diagnosis in patients treated in the Brazilian Public Unified Health System from the last 10 years is a challenge for Strategic Health Planning. Objective To characterize the Brazilian population with lymphoma treated in the Brazilian Public Unified Health System between 2008 and 2017 regarding staging, sex, residence site and mortality. Material and methods A descriptive, retrospective, and longitudinal trial with secondary data from DataSUS (SIA/SUS and SIM/SUS) obtained from patients with ICD-10 C81-85. Results There were 70,850 lymphoma cases between 2008 and 2017, of which 55% were male, the median age was 51 years, and 27% had Hodgkin Lymphoma. Most patients (56%) were treated outside the residence city. São Paulo State accounted for 25% of patients. Treatment initiation took more than 60 days in 27% of cases. A total of 45,601 deaths were due to lymphoma (12% Hodgkin Lymphoma and 88% Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma), with a median age 63 years, and were mainly males (55%). Staging data were inadequate in 23% of patients, and analysis was performed only on the valid records. Advanced disease was diagnosed in 58% of patients (60% male; 57% female) and was more common in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (62%) versus Hodgkin Lymphoma (49%). Discussion Late diagnosis interferes with mortality rates. Health promotion and cancer prevention campaigns, especially targeting the male public, and training for early diagnosis and early treatment are needed. Conclusion Effective measures for early diagnosis and treatment are urgently needed for lymphoma control.

A Terapêutica Cirúrgica e o Protocolo DH-II-90 no Tratamento da Doença de Hodgkin em Jovens e Adultos: um Estudo Ecológico / Surgical Therapy and DH-II-90 Protocol in the Treatment of Hodgkin Disease in Young Adults: an Ecological Study / La Terapia Quirúrgica y el Protocolo DH-II-90 en el Tratamiento del Linfoma de Hodgkin en Jóvenes y Adultos: un Estudio Ecológico

Introdução: A doença de Hodgkin (DH) é uma patologia que se inicia nos linfonodos, desenvolve-se nos tecidos neoplásicos e manifesta- -se, majoritariamente, em jovens adultos. Objetivo: Correlacionar os resultados da terapêutica cirúrgica e do protocolo DH-II-90 em jovens adultos acometidos pela DH, e associá-los ao perfil epidemiológico, aos dados de mortalidade pela doença e à distribuição de recursos físicos no Brasil. Método: Estudo ecológico exploratório, com informações coletadas do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES) e do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS (SIA/SUS), entre 2013 e 2021. O estudo, portanto, compara os resultados da terapêutica cirúrgica e do protocolo DH-II-90 associados a dados epidemiológicos, sendo o protocolo considerado o método mais eficiente, por apresentar melhores resultados quando comparado a métodos mais invasivos. Resultados: A Região Sudeste concentra maior número de leitos e procedimentos com números mais expressivos de pacientes diagnosticados de 0 a 29 anos. Em resumo, as taxas de mortalidade bruta por DH reduziram-se a partir de 1990, período no qual o protocolo DH-II-90 foi aplicado. Conclusão: O presente estudo fornece uma visão relevante sobre o perfil epidemiológico da DH e contribui para a comparação entre a terapêutica cirúrgica e o protocolo DH-II-90, sendo possível concluir que, após a aplicação do protocolo, houve redução da taxa de mortalidade por DH no Brasil e no mundo

Introduction: Hodgkin disease (HD) is a pathology that starts in the lymph nodes, develops in the neoplastic tissues and manifests, mainly, in young adults. Objective: To correlate the results of the surgical therapy and the DH- II-90 protocol in young adults affected by HD, and to associate them with the epidemiological profile, the mortality data by the disease and the distribution of physical resources in Brazil. Method: Exploratory ecological study with information collected from the Informatics Department of the National Health System (DATASUS), the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), the National Registry of Health Establishments (CNES) and the SUS Outpatient Information System (SIA/ SUS) between 2013 and 2021. The study, therefore, compares the results of surgical therapy and the DH-II-90 protocol associated with epidemiological data, and the protocol is considered the most efficient method, as it produces better results when compared to more invasive methods. Results: The Southeast Region concentrates high number of beds and procedures and stands out due to more expressive numbers of patients diagnosed from 0 to 29 years. In short, crude mortality rates per HD decreased from 1990, the period where the DH-II-90 protocol was applied. Conclusion: This study provides a relevant view on the epidemiological profile of HD and contributes for the comparison between surgical therapy and the DH-II-90 protocol, being possible to conclude that after the application of the protocol, there was a reduction of the mortality rate by HD in Brazil and worldwide

Introducción: El linfoma de Hodgkin (LH) es una patología que inicia en los ganglios linfáticos, se desarrolla en los tejidos neoplásicos y se manifiesta mayoritariamente en adultos jóvenes. Objetivo: Correlacionar los resultados de la terapéutica quirúrgica y del protocolo DH-II-90 en jóvenes adultos acometidos por el LH, y asociarlos al perfil epidemiológico, a los datos de mortalidad por la enfermedad y a la distribución de recursos físicos en Brasil. Método: Estudio ecológico exploratorio, con información recolectada del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS), del Instituto Nacional de Cáncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), del Registro Nacional de Establecimientos de Salud (CNES) y del Sistema de Informaciones Ambulatorias del SUS (SIA/SUS), entre 2013 y 2021. El estudio, por lo tanto, compara los resultados de la terapéutica quirúrgica y del protocolo DH-II-90, asociados a datos epidemiológicos, siendo el Protocolo considerado el método más eficiente, por presentar mejores resultados cuando comparado a métodos más invasivos. Resultados: La Región Sudeste tiene más camas y procedimientos y presenta mayores números de pacientes diagnosticados de 0 a 29 años. En resumen, las tasas de mortalidad bruta por LH disminuyeron a partir de 1990, período en el que se incorporó el protocolo DH-II-90. Conclusión: El presente estudio proporciona una visión relevante sobre el perfil epidemiológico del LH y contribuye a la comparación entre terapéutica quirúrgica y el protocolo DH-II-90, concluyendo que, tras la inserción del protocolo, hubo reducción de la tasa de mortalidad por LH en Brasil y en el mundo

Incidence des cancers chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH suivies à Casablanca / Incidence of cancer among people living with HIV at Casablanca

Objectif. Décrireles aspects épidémiologiques des cancers chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH à Casablanca. Patients et méthodes. Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective sur 13 ans dans le service des maladies infectieuses du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca. Ont été inclus tous les patients infectés par le VIH et présentant un cancer documenté histologiquement. Les données ont été colligées à partir du Nadis. L'analyse des données a été faite sur le logiciel épi info. Une valeur de p< 0,05 était considérée significative. Résultats. Nous avons inclus 139 patients qui présentaient des pathologies cancéreuses soit un taux d'incidence de 3,7patients pour 1000 patients année. L'âge moyen était de 37ans. Le sexe ratio était de 1,72 (88H/51F). Les cancers classant sida ont représenté 84% (117 cas) contre 16 % (22 cas) de cancers non classant sida. Le sarcome de Kaposi a été le plus fréquent (58,99%). Le cancer non classant sida le plus fréquent était le lymphome de Hodgkin (6,47%)(9 cas). Les Lymphomes malins non hodgkiniens et le sarcome de Kaposi étaient corrélés au sexe masculin (p=0,002, p=0,0006). Nous avons enregistré 39 décès (28%) et 34 perdus de vue (24,48%). Conclusion. Les pathologies cancéreuses restent fréquentes au cours du VIH avec une morbi-mortalité importante. Les cancers classant sida demeurent les plus fréquents dans notre contexte.

Objective. To describe the epidemiology of malignancies in people living with HIV at Casablanca. Patients and methods. It was a 13-year retrospective study in the Infectious Diseases Department of Ibn Rochd University Hospital in Casablanca. Included were all HIV-infected patients with histologically documented cancer. Data was collected from Nadis. Data analysis was done on the software epi info. A value of p <0.05 was considered significant. Results. 139 patients had cancerous diseases, an incidence rate of 3.7 patients per 1000 patients' year. The average age was 37 years old. The sex ratio was 1.72 (88H / 51F). Cancer classifying AIDS represented 84% (117 cases) against 16% (22 cases) of non-AIDS-defining cancers. Kaposi's sarcoma was the most common with 58.99%. The most common non-classifying AIDS cancer was Hodgkin's lymphoma with 6.47% (9 cases). Non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma were correlated with male sex (p = 0.002, p = 0.0006). We recorded 39 deaths (28%) and 34 lost to follow-up (24.48%). Conclusion. Cancerous pathologies remain frequent during HIV with significant morbidity and mortality. Cancer classifying AIDS remains the most common in our context.

Pathological characteristics and clinical prognosis of nodular sclerosis grade 2 of classic Hodgkin's lymphoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To investigate the pathological characteristics and clinical prognosis of nodular sclerosis grade 2 of classic Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL-NS2) in our cancer center. Methods: A retrospective collection of 23 cases of cHL-NS2 admitted in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from July 2008 to April 2019 was performed. Fifty-five cases of nodular sclerosis grade 1 of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL-NS1) during the same period were selected as control group. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for survival. Results: The median age of 23 cases of cHL-NS2 was 30 years old. Five cases had extra nodal invasion, and 19 cases were Ⅰ-Ⅱ stage based on Ann Arbor system. The pathological morphology of cHL-NS2 showed that the lymph node structure was completely destroyed and was divided into nodules by thick collagen. The tumor cells in the nodules were abundant and proliferated in sheets. The boundaries between the tumor cells were not clear. The incidence of tumor necrosis in cHL-NS2 was 43.5% (10/23), which was significantly higher than 18.2% (10/55) in cHL-NS1 (P=0.040). The 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate of patients in the cHL-NS2 group was 58.1%, which was significantly lower than 89.7% in the cHL-NS1 group (P=0.002). In all of 78 cases, the 3-year PFS rate of patients who did not obtain complete response (CR) was 67.1%, which was significantly lower than 92.2% in patients who achieved CR (P=0.030). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that both cHL-NS2 and failure to obtain CR by first-line treatment were independent indicators for short PFS time (P<0.05). Conclusions: In cHL-NS2, the morphology of tumor cells are diverse, and tumor necrosis can be easily found. Under the current first-line treatments of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) or bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (BEACOPP), cHL-NS2 is an independent indicator for worse PFS.

Linfoma de Hodgkin anal primario y tumor neuroendocrino intestinal sincrónicos: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Primary rectal Hodgkin's lymphoma and synchronous small bowel neuroendocrine tumor: Case report and literature review

Resumen La localización extranodal gastrointestinal del linfoma de Hodgkin comprende el 5% de todos los linfomas. Dentro de este grupo, el linfoma anal primario representa menos del 0,05%, siendo por tanto una entidad extremadamente rara. Por otro lado, los tumores neuroendocrinos son un grupo heterogéneo de neoplasias relativamente poco frecuentes, pero de localización fundamentalmente digestiva. La asociación entre un linfoma de Hodgkin de localización anal y un tumor neuroendocrino intestinal no ha sido descrita previamente en la literatura, pero no es en absoluto raro que los tumores neuroendocrinos puedan coexistir con otro tipo de neoplasias. Los autores presentan el caso infrecuente de presentación de linfoma Hodgkin de localización anal asociado a un tumor neuroendocrino intestinal en una paciente mujer de 74 años, describiéndose la clínica, resultados de pruebas complementarias y tratamiento recibido.

Abstract Extranodal gastrointestinal Hodgkin's lymphoma comprises 5% of all lymphomas. In this group, primary rectal lymphoma represents less than 0.05%; thus, it is an extremely rare entity. On the other hand, neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of infrequent neoplasms, mainly of digestive location. The association between a rectal Hodgkin's lymphoma and an intestinal neuroendocrine tumor has not been previously described in the literature, but it is not at all uncommon for neuroendocrine tumors to coexist with other types of neoplasms. The authors present a rare case of rectal Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with an intestinal neuroendocrine tumor in a 74-year-old female patient, describing the symptoms, complementary test results, and treatment.

Factores pronósticos del trasplante autólogo en pacientes con Linfoma de Hodgkin / Prognostic factors for autologous transplantation in patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma

Introducción: El trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos es una terapéutica aplicable en determinadas situaciones a pacientes con Linfoma de Hodgkin. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de factores pronósticos seleccionados en los resultados del trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos en pacientes con Linfoma de Hodgkin. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 57 pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma de Hodgkin trasplantados en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras entre 1991 y 2018. La influencia de varios factores desfavorables fue evaluada según sobrevida libre de enfermedad a los cinco años de forma univariada y multivariada. Resultados: Se comprobó una sobrevida libre de enfermedad menor para todos los grupos con las categorías desfavorables. El análisis univariado indicó que el haber recibido tres o más líneas de tratamiento previas, aumentó como promedio 3,48 veces la probabilidad de recaída. En la evaluación múltiple, aumentó de forma significativa la probabilidad de recaída la existencia de enfermedad activa al momento del trasplante (p= 0,023) y el no recibir radioterapia en el tratamiento acondicionante (p= 0,010). Conclusiones: Se demostró la importancia de conocer los factores desfavorables. Notable importancia tuvo evitar enfermedad activa al trasplante y realizar una correcta evaluación de riesgos y beneficios en cuanto a la posible inclusión de la radioterapia en el tratamiento acondicionante(AU)

Introduction: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a therapy used in certain situations to patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Objective: To evaluate the influence of selected prognostic factors on the results of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Methods: A retrospective study of 57 patients with a diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma transplanted at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital from 1991 to 2018 was carried out. The influence of several unfavorable factors was evaluated according to univariate and multivariate disease-free survival at five years. Results: A lower disease-free survival was found for all groups with unfavorable categories. Univariate analysis indicated that receiving three or more previous lines of treatment increased the probability of relapse on average 3.48 times. In the multiple evaluation, the probability of relapse was significantly increased by the existence of active disease at the time of transplantation (p = 0.023) and by not receiving radiotherapy in the conditioning treatment (p = 0.010). Conclusions: The importance of knowing the unfavorable factors was established. It was of noteworthy importance to avoid active disease at transplantation and to carry out a correct evaluation of risks and benefits regarding the possible inclusion of radiotherapy in the conditioning treatment(AU)

Síndrome hematofagocítico como manifestación inicial de linfoma de Hodgkin clásico / Hemophagocytic syndrome as the initial manifestation of Hodgkin lymphoma

Introducción: las histiocitosis son un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades; una de ellas es el síndrome hematofagocítico (SHF). Sus causas pueden ser infecciosas, neoplásicas, autoinmunes o relacionadas a inmunodeficiencias adquiridas; el linfoma de Hodgkin clásico (LHc) es una causa poco frecuente. Se reporta el caso de un hombre inmunodeprimido de 35 años que ingresa al hospital febril y con insuficiencia respiratoria grave.Métodos: se recopiló información clínica pertinente y se revisó material de biopsia estudiado con tinción de hematoxilina ­ eosina, técnica inmunohistoquímica e hibridación in situ cromogénica. Resultados: estudios de laboratorio muestran pancitopenia, altera-ción de pruebas hepáticas, hipertrigliceridemia, hipoalbuminemia e hiperferritinemia. El estudio de médula ósea hematopoyética con mielograma y biopsia muestran hallazgos compatibles con LHc, signos de hemofagocitosis e infección por virus Epstein-Barr (VEB). Se diagnostica SHF como primera manifestación de LHc e infección por VEB. Conclusiones: a la fecha, se describen 74 pacientes re-portados con SHF como manifestación de LHc; en el 84% fue su primera manifestación. Si bien la presentación clínica presentada es infrecuente, se ha propuesto una asociación en hombres con inmunodeficiencia, SHF, LHc e infección por VEB; por lo que se sugiere una sospecha diagnóstica alta.

Introduction: histiocytosis are a heterogeneous group of diseases; one of them is the hemophagocytic syndrome (HS). Its causes can be infectious, neoplastic, autoimmune or related to acquired immunodeficiencies; classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a rare cause.We present the case of an immunosuppressed 35-year-old male who was admitted with fever and acute respiratory failure. Methods:pertinent clinical reports and biopsy material were reviewed; including hematoxylin-eosin stained slides from formalin-fixed and pa-raffin-embedded tissue blocks and immunohistochemical and chromogenicin situhybridisation studies. Results:laboratory studies revealed pancytopenia, abnormal liver functions, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoalbuminemia e hyperferritinemia. Bone marrow aspiration smear and biopsy showed a malignant lymphoid neoplasm consistent with cHL, signs of hemophagocytosis, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. HS, as an initial manifestation of cHL, was diagnosed.Conclusions:to our best knowledge, there are 74 reported cases of cHL with HS; in 84% it was the initial clinical manifestation. Though this is an unusual presentation, an association between immu-nodeficiency, HS, cHL, and EBV infection has been proposed; so a high diagnostic suspicion is suggested.

Trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos en el Linfoma de Hodgkin / Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Introducción: El trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos es una terapéutica aplicable en determinadas situaciones a pacientes con Linfoma de Hodgkin. Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta al trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos en los pacientes con Linfoma de Hodgkin. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de 60 pacientes con Linfoma de Hodgkin trasplantados en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras, entre 1991 y 2018. Se estimó el porcentaje de respuesta a los tres meses, la supervivencia global y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad a los cinco años. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta a los tres meses fue de 82,7 por ciento. La supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad a los cinco años fue de 94,7 por ciento y 51,7 por ciento, respectivamente. La mortalidad temprana relacionada con el trasplante fue de 5 por ciento. Conclusiones: La aplicación del trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos constituyó una alternativa terapéutica válida. La baja mortalidad temprana evidenció una realización del procedimiento con un perfil de seguridad satisfactorio(AU)

Introduction: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an applicable therapy in certain situations to patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Objective: To evaluate the response to autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Methods: A study of 60 patients with Hodgkin lymphoma transplanted at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical and Surgical Hospital was carried out from 1991 to 2018. The percentage of response at three months, overall survival and disease-free survival period were estimated at five years. Results: The response rate at three months was 82.7 percent. Overall and disease-free survival at five years was 94.7 percent and 51.7 percent, respectively. Early transplant-related mortality was 5 percent. Conclusions: The use of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was a valid therapeutic alternative. The low early mortality evidenced that the procedure was performed with a satisfactory safety profile(AU)

Desbalances genómicos del locus 9p24.1 en pacientes argentinos con linfoma de Hodgkin clásico / Genomic imbalances at 9p24.1 locus in Argentine patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma

Resumen Introducción: El linfoma de Hodgkin clásico presenta escasas células de Reed Sternberg/Hodgkin inmersas en un abundante microambiente tumoral. Los desbalances genómicos del locus 9p24.1 han sido asociados con alteraciones en la expresión de los genes del ligando de muerte celular 1 y 2, ambos reguladores de la respuesta inmune. Objetivo: Evaluar desbalances genómicos del locus 9p24.1 en células de Reed Sternberg/Hodgkin y del microambiente tumoral en biopsias de pacientes con linfoma de Hodgkin clásico y correlacionarlo con la expresión del ligando de muerte celular 1 y la presentación de la enfermedad. Materiales y Métodos: Se efectuó hibridación in situ en biopsias de 22 pacientes con linfoma de Hodgkin clásico dirigida a los genes del ligando de muerte celular 1 y 2. Las alteraciones se clasificaron en: amplificación, ganancia y polisomía. La expresión se evaluó mediante inmunohistoquímica. Resultados: Todos los pacientes mostraron alteraciones del número de copias. Se diferenciaron dos grupos: con amplificación (32%) y sin amplificación (68%); este último subdividido en: rico en ganancia (53%) y rico en polisomías (47%). El grupo rico en polisomías mostró mayor edad (p=0,027). El 40% de los pacientes con amplificación y rico en ganancias no presentó masa bulky. La expresión proteica mostró score +3 sólo en estos últimos. El title% de los casos ricos en polisomías presentaron monosomía del cromosoma 9 en los linfocitos circundantes respecto al 36,4% de los otros dos grupos. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos constituyen un aporte a la caracterización biológica del LHC, de interés en el marco de las nuevas modalidades terapéuticas. MÉD.UIS.2020;34(1):35-44.

Abstract Background: Classical Hodgkin lymphoma shows scarce tumor Reed-Sternberg/Hodgkin cells surrounded by a dense immune microenvironment. Genetic alterations at the 9p24.1 locus result in genomic imbalances in the copy number of PD-L1/PD-L2 genes, both of them being immune response regulators. Aim: To characterize genomic imbalances at the 9p24.1 locus in Reed-Sternberg/Hodgkin cells and immune microenvironment in biopsies of patients with Classical Hodgkin lymphoma and correlate it with PD-L1 protein expression and disease presentation. Material and Methods: Paraffin embedded biopsies of 22 patients with CHL were retrospectively evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization using SPEC CD274/PDCD1LG2/CEN9 DNA probe. The frequency of 9p24.1 alterations, amplification, copy gain and polysomy, were determined taking into account the number of gene copies with respect to the centromere. PD-L1 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results: All cases presented alterations in the number of copies of PD-L1 / PD-L2, which are differentiated in two groups: with amplification (32%) and without amplification (68%). The latter was subdivided into rich in gains (RG) (53%) and rich in polysomies (RP) (47%). Groups with amplification and RG were younger than the RP group (p = 0.027). The latter was not associated with bulky disease, a fact observed in 40% of patients with amplification and RG. Protein expression showed score +3 only in the latter. All RP cases presented chromosome 9 monosomy in the surrounding lymphocytes, compared to 36.4% of the other two groups. Conclusions: Our data contributes to the biologic characterization of CHL, of interest in the context of new therapeutic modalities. MÉD.UIS.2020;34(1):35-44